While all are correct and mean the same thing, it's most common to use dotted decimal notation for IPv4 and hexadecimal (hex) for IPv6. An IP address can be expressed in dotted decimal, binary, octal, or hexadecimal. The boundary between network and host IP address bits is move-able for either classful or classless IP addresses.
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The whole IP address specifies the host on the network, and the network portion identifies the LAN. This is how routers route packets between networks that form the Internet: by the network portion of the IP address. Hosts on the same network (essentially a LAN) must have the prefix (network portion) of their IP addresses (IPv4 or IPv6) be the same. In this format, each 8-bit byte in the 32-bit IPv4 address is converted from binary or hexadecimal to a decimal number between 0 (0000 0000 or 0x00) and 255 (1111 1111 or 0xFF). IPv4 addresses are most often written in dotted decimal notation. Because this book deals with networks as a whole, including routers, some understanding of both classful and classless IPv4 addressing is beneficial. Hosts really don't deal with the differences between classful and classless IP addresses. On a host, it is still often called a network mask, because hosts don't care about classful or classless, but it is called a prefix on a router. In classless addressing, the IPv4 network mask or prefix determines the boundary between the network and host portion of the IP address instead of the initial IP address bits. This scheme assumes that no classes exist and is how routers on the Internet interpret IPv4 addresses. This chapter, and this book, emphasizes classless IP addresses, the current way of interpreting the 32-bit IPv4 address space. Classful addressing comes up occasionally, and at least some introduction is necessary. However, the significance of classful IPv4 addressing is strictly historical. We will nonetheless talk about classful IPv4 addressing in this book, especially later on in this chapter when subnetting is considered and when mentioning the routing protocol RIPv1.
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Class D addresses are the IPv4 multicast addresses (224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255), and we'll talk about those as needed. In practice, only the Class D addresses are still used on the Internet in a classful manner.
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Class E addresses are “experimental” and some of them have been used for that purpose, but they are seldom seen today.
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The five classes are not equal in size, and Class A covers a full half of the whole IPv4 address space. The 4 billion (actually 4,294,967,296) possible IPv4 addresses are split up into five classes. (We'll talk about port numbers in a later chapter.) In the rest of this chapter, references to Classes A, B, and C are concerned with address space sizes and not locations. Multicast addresses, when they were assigned for applications, for example, were assigned one at a time like (for instance) port numbers. However, Classes D and E refer to the whole respective region. Note that with Class A, B, and C, we are referring to the size of the blocks being allocated as well as the region from which they were allocated by IANA. Class D is still the valid IPv4 address range used for multicasting.
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Classful IPv4 addressing, showing the number of addresses possible and percentage of the total address space for each class.